Yesaya 10:25-27
Konteks10:25 For very soon my fury 1 will subside, and my anger will be directed toward their destruction.” 10:26 The Lord who commands armies is about to beat them 2 with a whip, similar to the way he struck down Midian at the rock of Oreb. 3 He will use his staff against the sea, lifting it up as he did in Egypt. 4
the Lord will remove their burden from your shoulders, 6
and their yoke from your neck;
the yoke will be taken off because your neck will be too large. 7
Yesaya 14:1-2
Konteks14:1 The Lord will certainly have compassion on Jacob; 8 he will again choose Israel as his special people 9 and restore 10 them to their land. Resident foreigners will join them and unite with the family 11 of Jacob. 14:2 Nations will take them and bring them back to their own place. Then the family of Jacob will make foreigners their servants as they settle in the Lord’s land. 12 They will make their captors captives and rule over the ones who oppressed them.
Yesaya 25:10-12
Konteks25:10 For the Lord’s power will make this mountain secure. 13
Moab will be trampled down where it stands, 14
as a heap of straw is trampled down in 15 a manure pile.
25:11 Moab 16 will spread out its hands in the middle of it, 17
just as a swimmer spreads his hands to swim;
the Lord 18 will bring down Moab’s 19 pride as it spreads its hands. 20
25:12 The fortified city (along with the very tops of your 21 walls) 22 he will knock down,
he will bring it down, he will throw it down to the dusty ground. 23
Yesaya 34:2-17
Konteks34:2 For the Lord is angry at all the nations
and furious with all their armies.
He will annihilate them and slaughter them.
34:3 Their slain will be left unburied, 24
their corpses will stink; 25
the hills will soak up their blood. 26
34:4 All the stars in the sky will fade away, 27
the sky will roll up like a scroll;
all its stars will wither,
like a leaf withers and falls from a vine
or a fig withers and falls from a tree. 28
34:5 He says, 29 “Indeed, my sword has slaughtered heavenly powers. 30
Look, it now descends on Edom, 31
on the people I will annihilate in judgment.”
34:6 The Lord’s sword is dripping with blood,
it is covered 32 with fat;
it drips 33 with the blood of young rams and goats
and is covered 34 with the fat of rams’ kidneys.
For the Lord is holding a sacrifice 35 in Bozrah, 36
a bloody 37 slaughter in the land of Edom.
34:7 Wild oxen will be slaughtered 38 along with them,
as well as strong bulls. 39
Their land is drenched with blood,
their soil is covered with fat.
34:8 For the Lord has planned a day of revenge, 40
a time when he will repay Edom for her hostility toward Zion. 41
34:9 Edom’s 42 streams will be turned into pitch
and her soil into brimstone;
her land will become burning pitch.
34:10 Night and day it will burn; 43
its smoke will ascend continually.
Generation after generation it will be a wasteland
and no one will ever pass through it again.
34:11 Owls and wild animals 44 will live there, 45
all kinds of wild birds 46 will settle in it.
The Lord 47 will stretch out over her
the measuring line of ruin
and the plumb line 48 of destruction. 49
34:12 Her nobles will have nothing left to call a kingdom
and all her officials will disappear. 50
34:13 Her fortresses will be overgrown with thorns;
thickets and weeds will grow 51 in her fortified cities.
Jackals will settle there;
ostriches will live there. 52
34:14 Wild animals and wild dogs will congregate there; 53
wild goats will bleat to one another. 54
Yes, nocturnal animals 55 will rest there
and make for themselves a nest. 56
34:15 Owls 57 will make nests and lay eggs 58 there;
they will hatch them and protect them. 59
Yes, hawks 60 will gather there,
each with its mate.
34:16 Carefully read the scroll of the Lord! 61
Not one of these creatures will be missing, 62
none will lack a mate. 63
For the Lord has issued the decree, 64
and his own spirit gathers them. 65
34:17 He assigns them their allotment; 66
he measures out their assigned place. 67
They will live there 68 permanently;
they will settle in it through successive generations.
Mazmur 76:12
Konteksthe kings of the earth regard him as awesome. 70
Mazmur 149:6-9
Konteks149:6 May they praise God
while they hold a two-edged sword in their hand, 71
149:7 in order to take 72 revenge on the nations,
and punish foreigners.
149:8 They bind 73 their kings in chains,
and their nobles in iron shackles,
149:9 and execute the judgment to which their enemies 74 have been sentenced. 75
All his loyal followers will be vindicated. 76
Praise the Lord!
Yehezkiel 38:1--39:29
Konteks38:1 The word of the Lord came to me: 38:2 “Son of man, turn toward 77 Gog, 78 of the land of Magog, 79 the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal. 80 Prophesy against him 38:3 and say: ‘This is what the sovereign Lord says: Look, 81 I am against you, Gog, chief prince of Meshech and Tubal. 38:4 I will turn you around, put hooks into your jaws, and bring you out with all your army, horses and horsemen, all of them fully armed, a great company with shields of different types, 82 all of them armed with swords. 38:5 Persia, 83 Ethiopia, and Put 84 are with them, all of them with shields and helmets. 38:6 They are joined by 85 Gomer with all its troops, and by Beth Togarmah from the remote parts of the north with all its troops – many peoples are with you. 86
38:7 “‘Be ready and stay ready, you and all your companies assembled around you, and be a guard for them. 87 38:8 After many days you will be summoned; in the latter years you will come to a land restored from the ravages of war, 88 with many peoples gathered on the mountains of Israel that had long been in ruins. Its people 89 were brought out from the peoples, and all of them will be living securely. 38:9 You will advance; 90 you will come like a storm. You will be like a cloud covering the earth, you, all your troops, and the many other peoples with you.
38:10 “‘This is what the sovereign Lord says: On that day thoughts will come into your mind, 91 and you will devise an evil plan. 38:11 You will say, “I will invade 92 a land of unwalled towns; I will advance against 93 those living quietly in security – all of them living without walls and barred gates – 38:12 to loot and plunder, to attack 94 the inhabited ruins and the people gathered from the nations, who are acquiring cattle and goods, who live at the center 95 of the earth.” 38:13 Sheba and Dedan and the traders of Tarshish with all its young warriors 96 will say to you, “Have you come to loot? Have you assembled your armies to plunder, to carry away silver and gold, to take away cattle and goods, to haul away a great amount of spoils?”’
38:14 “Therefore, prophesy, son of man, and say to Gog: ‘This is what the sovereign Lord says: On that day when my people Israel are living securely, you will take notice 97 38:15 and come from your place, from the remote parts of the north, you and many peoples with you, all of them riding on horses, a great company and a vast army. 38:16 You will advance 98 against my people Israel like a cloud covering the earth. In the latter days I will bring you against my land so that the nations may acknowledge me, when before their eyes I magnify myself 99 through you, O Gog.
38:17 “‘This is what the sovereign Lord says: Are you the one of whom I spoke in former days by my servants 100 the prophets of Israel, who prophesied in those days 101 that I would bring you against them? 38:18 On that day, when Gog invades 102 the land of Israel, declares the sovereign Lord, my rage will mount up in my anger. 38:19 In my zeal, in the fire of my fury, 103 I declare that on that day there will be a great earthquake 104 in the land of Israel. 38:20 The fish of the sea, the birds of the sky, the wild beasts, all the things that creep on the ground, and all people who live on the face of the earth will shake 105 at my presence. The mountains will topple, the cliffs 106 will fall, and every wall will fall to the ground. 38:21 I will call for a sword to attack 107 Gog 108 on all my mountains, declares the sovereign Lord; every man’s sword will be against his brother. 38:22 I will judge him with plague and bloodshed. I will rain down on him, his troops and the many peoples who are with him a torrential downpour, hailstones, fire, and brimstone. 38:23 I will exalt and magnify myself; I will reveal myself before many nations. Then they will know that I am the Lord.’
39:1 “As for you, son of man, prophesy against Gog, and say: ‘This is what the sovereign Lord says: Look, I am against you, O Gog, chief prince of Meshech and Tubal! 39:2 I will turn you around and drag you along; 109 I will lead you up from the remotest parts of the north and bring you against the mountains of Israel. 39:3 I will knock your bow out of your left hand and make your arrows fall from your right hand. 39:4 You will fall dead on the mountains of Israel, you and all your troops and the people who are with you. I give you as food to every kind of bird and every wild beast. 39:5 You will fall dead in the open field; for I have spoken, declares the sovereign Lord. 39:6 I will send fire on Magog and those who live securely in the coastlands; then they will know that I am the Lord.
39:7 “‘I will make my holy name known in the midst of my people Israel; I will not let my holy name be profaned anymore. Then the nations will know that I am the Lord, the Holy One of Israel. 110 39:8 Realize that it is coming and it will be done, declares the sovereign Lord. It is the day I have spoken about.
39:9 “‘Then those who live in the cities of Israel will go out and use the weapons for kindling 111 – the shields, 112 bows and arrows, war clubs and spears – they will burn them for seven years. 39:10 They will not need to take 113 wood from the field or cut down trees from the forests, because they will make fires with the weapons. They will take the loot from those who looted them and seize the plunder of those who plundered them, 114 declares the sovereign Lord.
39:11 “‘On that day I will assign Gog a grave in Israel. It will be the valley of those who travel east of the sea; it will block the way of the travelers. There they will bury Gog and all his horde; they will call it the valley of Hamon-Gog. 115 39:12 For seven months Israel 116 will bury them, in order to cleanse the land. 39:13 All the people of the land will bury them, and it will be a memorial 117 for them on the day I magnify myself, declares the sovereign Lord. 39:14 They will designate men to scout continually 118 through the land, burying those who remain on the surface of the ground, 119 in order to cleanse it. They will search for seven full months. 39:15 When the scouts survey 120 the land and see a human bone, they will place a sign by it, until those assigned to burial duty have buried it 121 in the valley of Hamon-Gog. 39:16 (A city by the name of Hamonah 122 will also be there.) They will cleanse the land.’
39:17 “As for you, son of man, this is what the sovereign Lord says: Tell every kind of bird and every wild beast: ‘Assemble and come! Gather from all around to my slaughter 123 which I am going to make for you, a great slaughter on the mountains of Israel! You will eat flesh and drink blood. 39:18 You will eat the flesh of warriors 124 and drink the blood of the princes of the earth – the rams, lambs, goats, and bulls, all of them fattened animals of Bashan. 39:19 You will eat fat until you are full, and drink blood until you are drunk, 125 at my slaughter 126 which I have made for you. 39:20 You will fill up at my table with horses and charioteers, 127 with warriors and all the soldiers,’ declares the sovereign Lord.
39:21 “I will display my majesty 128 among the nations. All the nations will witness the judgment I have executed, and the power I have exhibited 129 among them. 39:22 Then the house of Israel will know that I am the Lord their God, from that day forward. 39:23 The nations will know that the house of Israel went into exile due to their iniquity, 130 for they were unfaithful to me. So I hid my face from them and handed them over to their enemies; all of them died by the sword. 39:24 According to their uncleanness and rebellion I have dealt with them, and I hid my face from them.
39:25 “Therefore this is what the sovereign Lord says: Now I will restore 131 the fortunes of Jacob, and I will have mercy on the entire house of Israel. I will be zealous for my holy name. 39:26 They will bear their shame for all their unfaithful acts against me, when they live securely on their land with no one to make them afraid. 39:27 When I have brought them back from the peoples and gathered them from the countries of their enemies, I will magnify myself among them in the sight of many nations. 39:28 Then they will know that I am the Lord their God, because I sent them into exile among the nations, and then gathered them into their own land. I will not leave any of them in exile 132 any longer. 39:29 I will no longer hide my face from them, when I pour out my Spirit on the house of Israel, 133 declares the sovereign Lord.”
Yoel 3:9-17
Konteks3:9 Proclaim this among the nations:
“Prepare for a holy war!
Call out the warriors!
Let all these fighting men approach and attack! 134
3:10 Beat your plowshares 135 into swords,
and your pruning hooks 136 into spears! 137
Let the weak say, ‘I too am a warrior!’ 138
3:11 Lend your aid 139 and come,
all you surrounding nations,
and gather yourselves 140 to that place.”
Bring down, O Lord, your warriors! 141
3:12 Let the nations be roused and let them go up
to the valley of Jehoshaphat,
for there I will sit in judgment on all the surrounding nations.
3:13 Rush forth with 142 the sickle, for the harvest is ripe!
Come, stomp the grapes, 143 for the winepress is full!
The vats overflow.
Indeed, their evil is great! 144
3:14 Crowds, great crowds are in the valley of decision,
for the day of the Lord is near in the valley of decision! 145
3:15 The sun and moon are darkened;
the stars withhold 146 their brightness.
3:16 The Lord roars from Zion;
from Jerusalem 147 his voice bellows out. 148
The heavens 149 and the earth shake.
But the Lord is a refuge for his people;
he is a stronghold for the citizens 150 of Israel.
3:17 You will be convinced 151 that I the Lord am your God,
dwelling on Zion, my holy mountain.
Jerusalem 152 will be holy –
conquering armies 153 will no longer pass through it.
Yoel 3:19
Konteks3:19 Egypt will be desolate
and Edom will be a desolate wilderness,
because of the violence they did to the people of Judah, 154
in whose land they shed innocent blood.
Hagai 2:21-22
Konteks2:21 Tell Zerubbabel governor of Judah: ‘I am ready 155 to shake the sky 156 and the earth. 2:22 I will overthrow royal thrones and shatter the might of earthly kingdoms. 157 I will overthrow chariots and those who ride them, and horses and their riders will fall as people kill one another. 158
Zakharia 14:12-19
Konteks14:12 But this will be the nature of the plague with which the Lord will strike all the nations that have fought against Jerusalem: Their flesh will decay while they stand on their feet, their eyes will rot away in their sockets, and their tongues will dissolve in their mouths. 14:13 On that day there will be great confusion from the Lord among them; they will seize each other and attack one another violently. 14:14 Moreover, Judah will fight at 159 Jerusalem, and the wealth of all the surrounding nations will be gathered up 160 – gold, silver, and clothing in great abundance. 14:15 This is the kind of plague that will devastate horses, mules, camels, donkeys, and all the other animals in those camps.
14:16 Then all who survive from all the nations that came to attack Jerusalem will go up annually to worship the King, the Lord who rules over all, and to observe the Feast of Tabernacles. 161 14:17 But if any of the nations anywhere on earth refuse to go up to Jerusalem 162 to worship the King, the Lord who rules over all, they will get no rain. 14:18 If the Egyptians will not do so, they will get no rain – instead there will be the kind of plague which the Lord inflicts on any nations that do not go up to celebrate the Feast of Tabernacles. 14:19 This will be the punishment of Egypt and of all nations that do not go up to celebrate the Feast of Tabernacles.
Wahyu 6:14-17
Konteks6:14 The sky 163 was split apart 164 like a scroll being rolled up, 165 and every mountain and island was moved from its place. 6:15 Then 166 the kings of the earth, the 167 very important people, the generals, 168 the rich, the powerful, and everyone, slave 169 and free, hid themselves in the caves and among the rocks of the mountains. 6:16 They 170 said to the mountains and to the rocks, “Fall on us and hide us from the face of the one who is seated on the throne and from the wrath of the Lamb, 171 6:17 because the great day of their 172 wrath has come, and who is able to withstand it?” 173
Wahyu 17:14
Konteks17:14 They will make war with the Lamb, but the Lamb will conquer them, because he is Lord of lords and King of kings, and those accompanying 174 the Lamb are the called, chosen, and faithful.”
Wahyu 18:9
Konteks18:9 Then 175 the kings of the earth who committed immoral acts with her and lived in sensual luxury 176 with her will weep and wail for her when they see the smoke from the fire that burns her up. 177
Wahyu 19:18-21
Konteks19:18 to eat 178 your fill 179 of the flesh of kings,
the flesh of generals, 180
the flesh of powerful people,
the flesh of horses and those who ride them,
and the flesh of all people, both free and slave, 181
and small and great!”
19:19 Then 182 I saw the beast and the kings of the earth and their armies assembled to do battle with the one who rode the horse and with his army. 19:20 Now 183 the beast was seized, and along with him the false prophet who had performed the signs on his behalf 184 – signs by which he deceived those who had received the mark of the beast and those who worshiped his image. Both of them were thrown alive into the lake of fire burning with sulfur. 185 19:21 The 186 others were killed by the sword that extended from the mouth of the one who rode the horse, and all the birds gorged 187 themselves with their flesh.
[10:25] 1 tc The Hebrew text has simply “fury,” but the pronominal element can be assumed on the basis of what immediately follows (see “my anger” in the clause). It is possible that the suffixed yod (י) has been accidentally dropped by virtual haplography. Note that a vav (ו) is prefixed to the form that immediately follows; yod and vav are very similar in later script phases.
[10:26] 2 tn Heb “him” (so KJV, ASV, NASB); the singular refers to the leader or king who stands for the entire nation. This is specified by NCV, CEV as “the Assyrians.”
[10:26] 3 sn According to Judg 7:25, the Ephraimites executed the Midianite general Oreb at a rock which was subsequently named after the executed enemy.
[10:26] 4 tc The Hebrew text reads literally, “and his staff [will be] against the sea, and he will lift it in the way [or “manner”] of Egypt.” If the text is retained, “the sea” symbolizes Assyria’s hostility, the metaphor being introduced because of the reference to Egypt. The translation above assumes an emendation of עַל הַיָּם (’al hayyam, “against the sea”) to עַלֵיהֶם (’alehem, “against them”). The proposed shift from the third singular pronoun (note “beat him” earlier in the verse) to the plural is not problematic, for the singular is collective. Note that a third plural pronoun is used at the end of v. 25 (“their destruction”). The final phrase, “in the way/manner of Egypt,” probably refers to the way in which God used the staff of Moses to bring judgment down on Egypt.
[10:27] 5 tn Or “in that day” (KJV). The verb that introduces this verse serves as a discourse particle and is untranslated; see note on “in the future” in 2:2.
[10:27] 6 tn Heb “he [i.e., the Lord] will remove his [i.e, Assyria’s] burden from upon your shoulder.”
[10:27] 7 tc The meaning of this line is uncertain. The Hebrew text reads literally, “and the yoke will be destroyed (or perhaps, “pulled down”) because of fatness.” Perhaps this is a bizarre picture of an ox growing so fat that it breaks the yoke around its neck or can no longer fit into its yoke. Fatness would symbolize the Lord’s restored blessings; the removal of the yoke would symbolize the cessation of Assyrian oppression. Because of the difficulty of the metaphor, many prefer to emend the text at this point. Some emend וְחֻבַּל (vÿkhubbal, “and it will be destroyed,” a perfect with prefixed vav), to יִחְבֹּל (yikhbol, “[it] will be destroyed,” an imperfect), and take the verb with what precedes, “and their yoke will be destroyed from your neck.” Proponents of this view (cf. NAB, NRSV) then emend עֹל (’ol, “yoke”) to עָלָה (’alah, “he came up”) and understand this verb as introducing the following description of the Assyrian invasion (vv. 28-32). מִפְּנֵי־שָׁמֶן (mippÿney-shamen, “because of fatness”) is then emended to read “from before Rimmon” (NAB, NRSV), “from before Samaria,” or “from before Jeshimon.” Although this line may present difficulties, it appears best to regard the line as a graphic depiction of God’s abundant blessings on his servant nation.
[14:1] 8 tn The sentence begins with כִּי (ki), which is understood as asseverative (“certainly”) in the translation. Another option is to translate, “For the Lord will have compassion.” In this case one of the reasons for Babylon’s coming demise (13:22b) is the Lord’s desire to restore his people.
[14:1] 9 tn The words “as his special people” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
[14:1] 10 tn Or “settle” (NASB, NIV, NCV, NLT).
[14:2] 12 tn Heb “and the house of Jacob will take possession of them [i.e., the nations], on the land of the Lord, as male servants and female servants.”
[25:10] 13 tn Heb “for the hand of the Lord will rest on this mountain”; TEV “will protect Mount Zion”; NCV “will protect (rest on NLT) Jerusalem.”
[25:10] 14 tn Heb “under him,” i.e., “in his place.”
[25:10] 15 tc The marginal reading (Qere) is בְּמוֹ (bÿmo, “in”). The consonantal text (Kethib) has בְּמִי (bÿmi, “in the water of”).
[25:11] 16 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Moab) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[25:11] 17 tn The antecedent of the third masculine singular pronominal suffix is probably the masculine noun מַתְבֵּן (matben, “heap of straw”) in v. 10 rather than the feminine noun מַדְמֵנָה (madmenah, “manure pile”), also in v. 10.
[25:11] 18 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the Lord) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[25:11] 19 tn Heb “his”; the referent (Moab) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[25:11] 20 tn The Hebrew text has, “he will bring down his pride along with the [?] of his hands.” The meaning of אָרְבּוֹת (’arbot), which occurs only here in the OT, is unknown. Some (see BDB 70 s.v. אָרְבָּה) translate “artifice, cleverness,” relating the form to the verbal root אָרָב (’arav, “to lie in wait, ambush”), but this requires some convoluted semantic reasoning. HALOT 83 s.v. *אָרְבָּה suggests the meaning “[nimble] movements.” The translation above, which attempts to relate the form to the preceding context, is purely speculative.
[25:12] 21 sn Moab is addressed.
[25:12] 22 tn Heb “a fortification, the high point of your walls.”
[25:12] 23 tn Heb “he will bring [it] down, he will make [it] touch the ground, even to the dust.”
[34:3] 24 tn Heb “will be cast aside”; NASB, NIV “thrown out.”
[34:3] 25 tn Heb “[as for] their corpses, their stench will arise.”
[34:3] 26 tn Heb “hills will dissolve from their blood.”
[34:4] 27 tc Heb “and all the host of heaven will rot.” The Qumran scroll 1QIsaa inserts “and the valleys will be split open,” but this reading may be influenced by Mic 1:4. On the other hand, the statement, if original, could have been omitted by homoioarcton, a scribe’s eye jumping from the conjunction prefixed to “the valleys” to the conjunction prefixed to the verb “rot.”
[34:4] 28 tn Heb “like the withering of a leaf from a vine, and like the withering from a fig tree.”
[34:5] 29 tn The words “he says” are supplied in the translation for clarification. The Lord speaks at this point.
[34:5] 30 tn Heb “indeed [or “for”] my sword is drenched in the heavens.” The Qumran scroll 1QIsaa has תראה (“[my sword] appeared [in the heavens]”), but this is apparently an attempt to make sense out of a difficult metaphor. Cf. NIV “My sword has drunk its fill in the heavens.”
[34:5] sn In v. 4 the “host of the heaven” refers to the heavenly luminaries (stars and planets, see, among others, Deut 4:19; 17:3; 2 Kgs 17:16; 21:3, 5; 23:4-5; 2 Chr 33:3, 5) that populate the divine/heavenly assembly in mythological and prescientific Israelite thought (see Job 38:7; Isa 14:13). As in 24:21, they are viewed here as opposing God and being defeated in battle.
[34:5] 31 sn Edom is mentioned here as epitomizing the hostile nations that oppose God.
[34:6] 32 tn The verb is a rare Hotpaal passive form. See GKC 150 §54.h.
[34:6] 33 tn The words “it drips” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[34:6] 34 tn The words “and is covered” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[34:6] 35 tn Heb “for there is a sacrifice to the Lord.”
[34:6] 36 sn The Lord’s judgment of Edom is compared to a bloody sacrificial scene.
[34:6] 37 tn Heb “great” (so KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV).
[34:7] 38 tn Heb “will go down”; NAB “shall be struck down.”
[34:7] 39 tn Heb “and bulls along with strong ones.” Perhaps this refers to the leaders.
[34:8] 40 tn Heb “for a day of vengeance [is] for the Lord.”
[34:8] 41 tn Heb “a year of repayment for the strife of Zion.” The translation assumes that רִיב (riv) refers to Edom’s hostility toward Zion. Another option is to understand רִיב (riv) as referring to the Lord’s taking up Zion’s cause. In this case one might translate, “a time when he will repay Edom and vindicate Zion.”
[34:9] 42 tn Heb “her”; the referent (Edom) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[34:10] 43 tn Heb “it will not be extinguished.”
[34:11] 44 tn קָאַת (qa’at) refers to some type of bird (cf. Lev 11:18; Deut 14:17) that was typically found near ruins (see Zeph 2:14). קִפּוֹד (qippod) may also refer to a type of bird (NAB “hoot owl”; NIV “screech owl”; TEV “ravens”), but some have suggested a rodent may be in view (cf. NCV “small animals”; ASV “porcupine”; NASB, NRSV “hedgehog”).
[34:11] 45 tn Heb “will possess it” (so NIV).
[34:11] 46 tn The Hebrew text has יַנְשׁוֹף וְעֹרֵב (yanshof vÿ’orev). Both the יַנְשׁוֹף (“owl”; see Lev 11:17; Deut 14:16) and עֹרֵב (“raven”; Lev 11:15; Deut 14:14) were types of wild birds.
[34:11] 47 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the Lord) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[34:11] 48 tn Heb “stones,” i.e., the stones used in a plumb bob.
[34:11] 49 sn The metaphor in v. 11b emphasizes that God has carefully planned Edom’s demise.
[34:12] 50 tn Heb “will be nothing”; NCV, TEV, NLT “will all be gone.”
[34:13] 51 tn The words “will grow” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[34:13] 52 tc Heb “and she will be a settlement for wild dogs, a dwelling place for ostriches.” The translation assumes an emendation of חָצִיר (khatsir, “grass”) to חָצֵר (khatser, “settlement”). One of the Qumran scrolls of Isaiah (1QIsaa) supports this emendation (cf. HALOT 344 s.v. II חָצִיר)
[34:14] 53 tn Heb “will meet” (so NIV); NLT “will mingle there.”
[34:14] 54 tn Heb “and a goat will call to its neighbor.”
[34:14] 55 tn The precise meaning of לִּילִית (lilit) is unclear, though in this context the word certainly refers to some type of wild animal or bird. The word appears to be related to לַיְלָה (laylah, “night”). Some interpret it as the name of a female night demon, on the basis of an apparent Akkadian cognate used as the name of a demon. Later Jewish legends also identified Lilith as a demon. Cf. NRSV “Lilith.”
[34:14] 56 tn Heb “and will find for themselves a resting place.”
[34:15] 57 tn Hebrew קִפּוֹז (qippoz) occurs only here; the precise meaning of the word is uncertain.
[34:15] 58 tn For this proposed meaning for Hebrew מָלַט (malat), see HALOT 589 s.v. I מלט.
[34:15] 59 tn Heb “and brood [over them] in her shadow.”
[34:15] 60 tn The precise meaning of דַּיָּה (dayyah) is uncertain, though the term appears to refer to some type of bird of prey, perhaps a vulture.
[34:16] 61 tn Heb “Seek from upon the scroll of the Lord and read.”
[34:16] sn It is uncertain what particular scroll is referred to here. Perhaps the phrase simply refers to this prophecy and is an admonition to pay close attention to the details of the message.
[34:16] 62 tn Heb “one from these will not be missing.” הֵנָּה (hennah, “these”) is feminine plural in the Hebrew text. It may refer only to the birds mentioned in v. 15b or may include all of the creatures listed in vv. 14b-15 (all of which are identified with feminine nouns).
[34:16] 63 tn Heb “each its mate they will not lack.”
[34:16] 64 tc The Hebrew text reads literally, “for a mouth, it has commanded.” The Qumran scroll 1QIsaa and a few medieval
[34:16] 65 tn Heb “and his spirit, he gathers them.” The pronominal suffix (“them”) is feminine plural, referring to the birds mentioned in v. 15b or to all of the creatures listed in vv. 14b-15 (all of which are identified with feminine nouns).
[34:17] 66 tn Heb “and he causes the lot to fall for them.” Once again the pronominal suffix (“them”) is feminine plural, referring to the birds mentioned in v. 15b or to all of the creatures listed in vv. 14b-15 (all of which are identified with feminine nouns).
[34:17] 67 tn Heb “and his hand divides for them with a measuring line.” The pronominal suffix (“them”) now switches to masculine plural, referring to all the animals and birds mentioned in vv. 11-15, some of which were identified with masculine nouns. This signals closure for this portion of the speech, which began in v. 11. The following couplet (v. 17b) forms an inclusio with v. 11a through verbal repetition.
[34:17] 68 tn Heb “will possess it” (so NIV); NCV “they will own that land forever.”
[76:12] 69 tn Heb “he reduces the spirit of princes.” According to HALOT 148 s.v. II בצר, the Hebrew verb בָּצַר (batsar) is here a hapax legomenon meaning “reduce, humble.” The statement is generalizing, with the imperfect tense highlighting God’s typical behavior.
[76:12] 70 tn Heb “[he is] awesome to the kings of the earth.”
[149:6] 71 tn Heb “[May] praises of God [be] in their throat, and a two-edged sword in their hand.”
[149:9] 74 tn Heb “they”; the referent (the enemies of the people of God) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[149:9] 75 tn Heb “to do against them judgment [that] is written.”
[149:9] 76 tn Heb “it is honor for all his godly ones.” The judgment of the oppressive kings will bring vindication and honor to God’s people (see vv. 4-5).
[38:2] 77 tn Heb “set your face against.”
[38:2] 78 sn This may refer to a Lydian king in western Asia Minor in the seventh century
[38:2] 79 sn One of the sons of Japheth according to Gen 10:2; 1 Chr 1:5.
[38:2] 80 tn Heb “the prince, the chief of Meshech and Tubal.” Some translate “the prince of Rosh, Meshech and Tubal,” but it is more likely that the Hebrew noun in question is a common noun in apposition to “prince,” rather than a proper name. See D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 2:434-35. As Block demonstrates, attempts by some popular writers to identify these proper names with later geographical sites in Russia are anachronistic. See as well E. Yamauchi, Foes From the Northern Frontier, 19-27.
[38:2] sn Meshech and Tubal were two nations in Cappadocia of Asia Minor. They were also sons of Japheth (Gen 10:2; 1 Chr 1:5).
[38:3] 81 tn Or “I challenge you.” The phrase “I am against you” may be a formula for challenging someone to combat or a duel. See D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 1:201-2, and P. Humbert, “Die Herausforderungsformel ‘h!nn#n' ?l?K>,’” ZAW 45 (1933): 101-8.
[38:4] 82 sn The Hebrew text mentions two different types of shields here.
[38:5] 83 tn D. I. Block prefers to see the Hebrew word as referring here to a western ally of Egypt or as an alternative spelling for Pathros, that is, Upper Egypt. See D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 2:439-40.
[38:6] 85 tn The words “they are joined by” are added in the translation for purposes of English style.
[38:6] 86 sn The seven-nation coalition represents the north (Meshech, Tubal, Gomer, Beth-Togarmah), the south/west (Ethiopia, Put) and the east (Persia). The use of the sevenfold list suggests completeness. See D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 2:441.
[38:7] 87 tn The second person singular verbal and pronominal forms in the Hebrew text indicate that Gog is addressed here.
[38:8] 88 tn Heb “from the sword.”
[38:10] 91 tn Heb “words will go up upon your heart.”
[38:11] 92 tn Heb “go up against.”
[38:11] 93 tn Heb “come (to).”
[38:12] 94 tn Heb “to turn your hand against.”
[38:12] 95 tn The Hebrew term occurs elsewhere only in Judg 9:37. Perhaps it means “high point, top.”
[38:13] 96 tn Heb “young lions.”
[38:14] 97 tn The Hebrew text is framed as a rhetorical question: “will you not take notice?”
[38:16] 99 tn Or “reveal my holiness.”
[38:17] 100 tn Heb “by the hand of my servants.”
[38:17] 101 tn The Hebrew text adds “years” here, but this is probably a scribal gloss on the preceding phrase. See L. C. Allen, Ezekiel (WBC), 2:201.
[38:18] 102 tn Heb “goes up against.”
[38:19] 103 sn The phrase “in the fire of my fury” occurs in Ezek 21:31; 22:21, 31.
[38:20] 106 tn The term occurs only here and in Song of Songs 2:14.
[38:21] 108 tn Heb “him”; the referent (Gog, cf. v. 18) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[39:2] 109 tn The Hebrew root occurs only here in the OT. An apparent cognate in the Ethiopic language means “walk along.” For a discussion of the research on this verb, see D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 2:460.
[39:7] 110 sn The basic sense of the word “holy” is “set apart from that which is commonplace, special, unique.” The
[39:9] 111 tn Heb “burn and kindle the weapons.”
[39:9] 112 tn Two different types of shields are specified in the Hebrew text.
[39:10] 113 tn Heb “they will not carry.”
[39:10] 114 tn Heb “loot their looters and plunder their plunderers.”
[39:11] 115 tn The name means “horde of Gog.”
[39:12] 116 tn Heb “the house of Israel.”
[39:14] 118 tn Heb “men of perpetuity.”
[39:14] 119 tn Heb “and bury the travelers and those who remain on the surface of the ground.” The reference to “travelers” seems odd and is omitted in the LXX. It is probably an accidental duplication (see v. 11).
[39:15] 120 tn Heb “as the scouts scout.”
[39:15] 121 tn That is, the aforementioned bone.
[39:16] 122 tn This name appears to be a feminine form of the word “horde,” used in the name Hamon-Gog.
[39:17] 123 tn Or “sacrifice” (so also in the rest of this verse).
[39:18] 124 sn See Rev 19:17-18.
[39:19] 125 sn Eating the fat and drinking blood were God’s exclusive rights in Israelite sacrifices (Lev 3:17).
[39:19] 126 tn Or “sacrifice” (so also in the rest of this verse).
[39:20] 127 tn Heb “chariots.”
[39:21] 129 tn Heb “my hand which I have placed.”
[39:23] 130 tn Or “in their punishment.” The phrase “in/for [a person’s] iniquity/punishment” occurs fourteen times in Ezekiel: here; 3:18, 19; 4:17; 7:13, 16; 18: 17, 18, 19, 20; 24:23; 33:6, 8, 9. The Hebrew word for “iniquity” may also mean the “punishment” for iniquity or “guilt” of iniquity.
[39:25] 131 tn Heb “cause to return.”
[39:28] 132 tn Heb “there,” referring to the foreign nations to which they were exiled. The translation makes the referent clear.
[39:29] 133 sn See Ezek 11:19; 37:14.
[3:9] 134 tn Heb “draw near and go up.”
[3:10] 135 sn Instead of referring to the large plow as a whole, the plowshare is simply the metal tip which actually breaks the earth and cuts the furrow.
[3:10] 136 sn This implement was used to prune the vines, i.e., to cut off extra leaves and young shoots (M. Klingbeil, NIDOTTE 1:1117-18). It was a short knife with a curved hook at the end sharpened on the inside like a sickle.
[3:10] 137 sn This conversion of farming instruments to instruments of war is the reverse of Isa 2:4 (cf. Mic 4:3), where military weapons are transformed into tools for farming. Isaiah describes a time of kingdom blessing and prosperity, whereas Joel describes a time of eschatological conflict and judgment.
[3:10] 138 sn The “weak” individual mentioned here is apparently the farmer who has little or no military prowess or prior fighting experience. Under ordinary circumstances such a person would be ill-prepared for assuming the role of a soldier. However, in the scene that Joel is describing here even the most unlikely candidate will become a participant to be reckoned with in this final conflict.
[3:11] 139 tn This Hebrew verb is found only here in the OT; its meaning is uncertain. Some scholars prefer to read here עוּרוּ (’uru, “arouse”) or חוּשׁוּ (khushu, “hasten”).
[3:11] 140 tc The present translation follows the reading of the imperative הִקָּבְצוּ (hiqqavÿtsu) rather than the perfect with vav (ו) consecutive וְנִקְבָּצוּ (vÿniqbbatsu) of the MT.
[3:11] 141 tc Some commentators prefer to delete the line “Bring down, O
[3:13] 143 tn Heb “go down” or “tread.” The Hebrew term רְדוּ (rÿdu) may be from יָרַד (yarad, “to go down”) or from רָדָה (radah, “have dominion,” here in the sense of “to tread”). If it means “go down,” the reference would be to entering the vat to squash the grapes. If it means “tread,” the verb would refer specifically to the action of those who walk over the grapes to press out their juice. The phrase “the grapes” is supplied in the translation for clarity.
[3:13] 144 sn The immediacy of judgment upon wickedness is likened to the urgency required for a harvest that has reached its pinnacle of development. When the harvest is completely ripe, there can be no delay by the reapers in gathering the harvest. In a similar way, Joel envisions a time when human wickedness will reach such a heightened degree that there can be no further stay of divine judgment (cf. the “fullness of time” language in Gal 4:4).
[3:14] 145 sn The decision referred to here is not a response on the part of the crowd, but the verdict handed out by the divine judge.
[3:15] 146 tn Heb “gather in.”
[3:16] 147 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.
[3:16] 148 tn Heb “he sounds forth his voice.”
[3:16] 149 tn Or “the sky.” See the note on “sky” in 2:30.
[3:17] 152 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.
[3:17] 153 tn Heb “strangers” or “foreigners.” In context, this refers to invasions by conquering armies.
[3:19] 154 tn Heb “violence of the sons of Judah.” The phrase “of the sons of Judah” is an objective genitive (cf. KJV “the violence against the children of Judah”; NAB, NIV, NRSV “violence done to the people of Judah”). It refers to injustices committed against the Judeans, not violence that the Judeans themselves had committed against others.
[2:21] 155 tn The participle here suggests an imminent undertaking of action (cf. NRSV, TEV, NLT “I am about to”). The overall language of the passage is eschatological, but eschatology finds its roots in the present.
[2:21] 156 tn See the note on the word “sky” in 2:6. Most English translations render the Hebrew term as “heavens” here.
[2:22] 157 tn Heb “the kingdoms of the nations.” Cf. KJV “the kingdoms of the heathen”; NIV, NLT “foreign kingdoms.”
[2:22] 158 tn Heb “and horses and their riders will go down, a man with a sword his brother”; KJV “every one by the sword of his brother.”
[14:14] 159 tn The Hebrew phrase בִּירוּשָׁלָם (birushalam) with the verb נִלְחַם (nilkham, “make war”) would ordinarily suggest that Judah is fighting against Jerusalem (so NAB, CEV). While this could happen accidentally, the context here favors the idea that Judah is fighting alongside Jerusalem against a common enemy. The preposition בְּ (bÿ), then, should be construed as locative (“at”; cf. KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT).
[14:14] 160 tn The term translated “gathered up” could also be rendered “collected” (so NIV, NCV, NRSV, although this might suggest a form of taxation) or “confiscated” (which might imply seizure of property against someone’s will). The imagery in the context, however, suggests the aftermath of a great battle, where the spoils are being picked up by the victors (cf. NLT “captured”).
[14:16] 161 sn Having imposed his sovereignty over the earth following the Battle of Armageddon, the
[14:17] 162 sn The reference to any…who refuse to go up to Jerusalem makes clear the fact that the nations are by no means “converted” to the
[6:14] 163 tn Or “The heavens were.” The Greek word οὐρανός (ouranos) can mean either “heaven” or “sky.”
[6:14] 164 tn BDAG 125 s.v. ἀποχωρίζω states, “ὁ οὐρανὸς ἀπεχωρίσθη the sky was split Rv 6:14.” Although L&N 79.120 gives the meaning “the sky disappeared like a rolled-up scroll” here, a scroll that is rolled up does not “disappear,” and such a translation could be difficult for modern readers to understand.
[6:14] 165 tn On this term BDAG 317 s.v. ἑλίσσω states, “ὡς βιβλίον ἑλισσόμενον like a scroll that is rolled up…Rv 6:14.”
[6:15] 166 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
[6:15] 167 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated; nor is it translated before each of the following categories, since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.
[6:15] 168 tn Grk “chiliarchs.” A chiliarch was normally a military officer commanding a thousand soldiers, but here probably used of higher-ranking commanders like generals (see L&N 55.15; cf. Rev 6:15).
[6:15] 169 tn See the note on the word “servants” in 1:1.
[6:16] 170 tn Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation. Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[6:16] 171 tn It is difficult to say where this quotation ends. The translation ends it after “withstand it” at the end of v. 17, but it is possible that it should end here, after “Lamb” at the end of v. 16. If it ends after “Lamb,” v. 17 is a parenthetical explanation by the author.
[6:17] 172 tc Most
[6:17] 173 tn The translation “to withstand (it)” for ἵστημι (Jisthmi) is based on the imagery of holding one’s ground in a military campaign or an attack (BDAG 482 s.v. B.4).
[17:14] 174 tn See BDAG 636 s.v. μετά A.2.a.α.
[18:9] 175 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
[18:9] 176 tn On the term ἐστρηνίασεν (estrhniasen) BDAG 949 s.v. στρηνιάω states, “live in luxury, live sensually Rv 18:7. W. πορνεύειν vs. 9.”
[18:9] 177 tn Grk “from the burning of her.” For the translation “the smoke from the fire that burns her up,” see L&N 14.63.
[19:18] 178 tn The ἵνα (Jina) clause, insofar as it is related to the first imperative, has the force of an imperative.
[19:18] 179 tn The idea of eating “your fill” is evident in the context with the use of χορτάζω (cortazw) in v. 21.
[19:18] 180 tn Grk “chiliarchs”; normally a chiliarch was a military officer commanding a thousand soldiers, but here probably used of higher-ranking commanders like generals (see L&N 55.15; cf. Rev 6:15).
[19:18] 181 tn See the note on the word “servants” in 1:1.
[19:19] 182 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.
[19:20] 183 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the introduction of an unexpected development in the account: The opposing armies do not come together in battle; rather the leader of one side is captured.
[19:20] 184 tn For this meaning see BDAG 342 s.v. ἐνώπιον 4.b, “by the authority of, on behalf of Rv 13:12, 14; 19:20.”
[19:20] 185 tn Traditionally, “brimstone.”
[19:21] 186 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[19:21] 187 tn On the translation of ἐχορτάσθησαν (ecortasqhsan) BDAG 1087 s.v. χορτάζω 1.a states, “of animals, pass. in act. sense πάντα τὰ ὄρνεα ἐχορτάσθησαν ἐκ τῶν σαρκῶν αὐτῶν all the birds gorged themselves with their flesh Rv 19:21 (cp. TestJud. 21:8).”
